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Objective To explore the biological exposure limit of blood system damage caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in non-occupational population by using the benchmark dose method, and to provide relevant reference for further improving the assessment of PAHs-induced health damage effects. Methods Adult residents living in downwind direction of a coke-oven plant in Shanxi Province were selected as the research subjects, and the information collected from baseline was used as the control. The metabolites of PAHs in urine were used as exposure biomarker, and the abnormal rate of red blood cell index was used as response biomarker. The relationship between urinary OH-PAHs and the erythrocyte damage rate was analyzed, and the benchmark dose (BMD) and the lower confidence limitation for the benchmark dose (BMDL) were calculated using Bayesian dose-optimizing software. Results The urinary PAH metabolites were mainly naphthalene and fluorene. The detection concentrations of 2-OHFlu and 1-OHPhe in the final year were higher than those in the baseline (P<0.05). With the increase of exposure years, the abnormal rate of red blood cells in the final year was higher than that in the baseline (P<0.05). In addition, the abnormal rate of red blood cells increased with the increase of the concentrations of five metabolites of PAHs in urine, and the chi-square trend test was significant (P<0.05). The benchmark dose (BMD) of OH-PAHs was 0.67 μmol/mol Cr, 0.82 μmol/mol Cr, 1.40 μmol/mol Cr and 0.78 μmol/mol Cr, respectively. The BMD of 2-OHNap in people with barbecue diet habits was 0.23 μmol/mol Cr. The BMD of 2-OHNap in people without barbecue diet habits was 1.44 μmol/mol Cr. Conclusion There is a dose-response relationship between the concentration of PAHs metabolites in urine and the damage of red blood cells. Long-term exposure to PAHs can lead to hematological damage. It is suggested that targeted public health interventions should be formulated to reduce the exposure of the general population to PAHs.
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Objective@#To investigate the effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure on the level of histone H3Ser10 phosphorylation (p-H3S10) and DNA damage degree in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBLCs).@*Method@#75 coke oven workers from Benxi steel plant in Liaoning Province of China (PAHs-exposed group) and local 50 hot rolling workers (control group) were recruited in this study with age, working years, labor intensity and high temperature for matching factors using cluster sampling method in 2014. HPLC-fluorescence was performed to determine the level of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), DNA damage and specific histone modification were measured in PBLCs of the subjects through comet assay and ELISA assay, respectively. Linear regression model analysis was used to analyze the differences among PAHs exposure, DNA damage and p-H3S10 level in two groups. The Mediation analysis was used to analyze the regulated relationships between urinary 1-OHP, DNA damage and histone modification through the bootstrap method.@*Results@#Age of the control and the exposed group were (45.32±8.32) and (43.87±5.67) years old (P=0.284). The concentration of urinary 1-OHP, OTM value, Tail DNA% and p-H3S10 level in exposure group were higher than that in control group, while the M (P5-P95) of p-H3S10 levels in control and exposed group were 2.21 (0.68-4.71), 4.54 (1.85-23.91) (P<0.001). The degree p-H3S10 level was increased after the subgroups which were (2.59±1.19)%, (3.24±2.81)%, (5.55±3.25)%, (8.77±7.84)%, respectively, divided by quantitated 1-OHP concentration as P0-P25, P26-P50, P51-P75 and P76-P100 (P<0.001). We also found the correlations between urinary 1-OHP and p-H3S10 level or OTM value or Tail DNA%, β (95%CI) were 0.264 (0.167-0.360), 0.500 (0.299-0.702), and 0.510 (0.384-0.671), respectively (P<0.001). Similar result was also observed between p-H3S10 level and OTM value or Tail DNA%, β (95%CI) were 0.149 (0.073-0.226) and 0.220 (0.132-0.308) (P<0.001). Moreover, the mediation effect value of DNA damage on PAHs induced p-H3S10 alteration was 0.054(P=0.040).@*Conclusion@#The results suggested that PAHs exposure could induce DNA damage and an increase in histone H3Ser10 phosphorylation in PBLCs. Particularly, the alteration of H3S10 phosphorylation may play an important role in regulating cell DNA damage repair.
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OBJECTIVE: To observe the levels of four hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the urine of coke workers and its influencing factors.To explore the feasibility of using PAHs as biomarkers for exposure of coke oven emissions(COEs).METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was used to compare 261 coke oven workers in a coke oven plant as exposure group with 111 workers without COEs exposure in an oxygen making plant as control group.Ultra high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect four hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs,including1-hydroxypyrene(OHP),1-hydroxynaphthalene(OHN),2-OHN and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene,in urine of these two groups.RESULTS: The levels of four hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs in urine in exposure group were higher than that of the control group(P<0.01).The levels of urinary 1-OHP,1-OHN,2-OHN were followed by the sequence of bottomoven,side-oven,and top-oven subgroups among the exposure group(P<0.05).The multiple linear regression results indicated that the levels of urinary 1-OHP,1-OHN,2-OHN were correlated with COEs exposure(P<0.05),after adjusting the confounding factors of gender,age,length of service,smoking status and alcohol drinking status.The levels of urinary 1-OHP,1-OHN,2-OHN of the exposure group increased with the increase of COEs exposure levels showing a dose-effect relationship(P<0.01).The levels of 1-OHN and 2-OHN were associated with smoking apart from COEs exposure(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The urinary 1-OHP can be used as a reliable biomarker for the evaluation of internal exposure to COEs.The 1-OHN and 2-OHN can be used as adjuvant biomarkers.
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Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación del polimorfismo CYP1A1*2A (T-C) y la infertilidad en una muestra de hombres del Caribe colombiano. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron características macroscópicas y microscópicas de la muestra seminal de 31 hombres infértiles y 20 fértiles. La genotipificación del polimorfismo se realizó a partir de la técnica PCR-RFLP. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en las características seminales microscópicas en ambos grupos. Además, se identificaron alteraciones en movilidad, concentración y/o morfología. Fueron identificados tres genotipos: TT, TC y CC. En los inértiles se presentaron 25 individuos con genotipo TT (80.6 %), 5 TC (16.1 %) y 1 CC (3.2 %), y en el grupo fértil 16 individuos presentaron genotipo TT (80.0 %), 4 TC (20.0 %) y 0 CC (0.0 %). La distribución genotípica se encontró en equilibrio Hardy - Weinberg en ambos grupos. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que no hubo asociación significativa entre el polimorfismo CYP1A1*2A y la infertilidad en hombres del Caribe colombiano (p>0.05). Conclusión: Estos resultados preliminares sugieren que el polimorfismo CYP1A1*2A no contribuye a la infertilidad masculina en hombres del Caribe colombiano. Sin embargo, son de gran importancia debido a que existe escasa información que asocie polimorfismos del gen CYP1A1 con la infertilidad masculina.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of CYP1A1*2A polymorphism (T-C substitution) with male infertility in Colombian Caribbean subjects. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were analyzed in the semen sample of 31 infertile and 20 fertile men. The polymorphism was genotyped through PCR-RFLP. Results: Both groups evidenced significant differences in microscopic characteristics (p< 0.05), as well as alterations in sperm motility, count and morphology. Three genotypes were identified: wild type homozygous (TT), heterozygous (TC) and variant homozygous (CC). 25 TT genotype (80.6%), 5 TC genotype (16.1%) and 1 CC genotype (3.2%) in infertile men, and 16 TT genotype (80.0%), 4 TC genotype (20.0%) and 0 CC genotype (0.0%) in fertile men were identified. In both infertile and fertile men, distributions of the genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between CYP1A1*2A polymorphism and male infertility in Colombian Caribbean men (p>0.05). Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that CYP1A1*2A polymorphism do not contribute to male infertility of Colombian Caribbean men. However, they are very important because there is limited information about CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms associated with male infertility.
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Objective To investigate the possible factors for differentiation affecting of neonatal regulatory T cells(Treg). Methods Umbilical cord blood was collected from 200 newborns. Treg number was detected by DNA demethylation in the Foxp3 of Treg - cell - specific demethylatedregion(TSDR)based on high resolution melting anal-ysis(HRMA),concentrations of 7,8 - dihydroxy - 9,10 - epoxy - benzo(a)pyrene(BPDE - DNA)adducts and interleukin - 4( IL - 4)in the supernatants of cord blood by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA),and follow - up questionnaires were carried out till 1. 0 - 1. 5 years,for recurrent wheezing or stubborn eczema in infants and related information on parental history of atopic diseases. Results (1)In wheezing group[(0. 48 ± 0. 05)% ]and ec-zema group[(0. 76 ± 0. 05)% ],the number of Tregs was significantly lower compared with that of the asymptomatic group[(1. 14 ± 0. 08)% ](t = 2. 62,2. 83,all P ﹤ 0. 05);the number of Treg in parental history of atopic group was significantly lower than that of the non - atopic group(P ﹤ 0. 05);but the Treg numbers in the non - atopic group was still lower than that of the asymptomatic group(P ﹤ 0. 05).(2)The concentrations of BPDE - DNA adducts in the wheezing group[(236. 30 ± 6. 59)ng/ L]and the eczema group[(173. 40 ± 7. 38)ng/ L]were higher than those of the asymptomatic group[(111. 01 ± 3. 36)ng/ L](t = 10. 35,6. 53,all P ﹤ 0. 05),while BPDE - DNA adduct concen-trations in the atopic group with parental history of wheezing or eczema in infants were lower than those of the non -atopic group(P ﹤ 0. 05).(3)The concentrations of IL - 4 in the wheezing or eczema group in the supernatants of cord blood was higher than the asymptomatic group(P ﹤ 0. 05). Conclusions Neonatal genetic factors and BPDE - DNA adducts could affect Treg differentiation,which are probably the reasons for the formation of allergic diseases.
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OBJECTIVE: To develop a GC-MS/MS method for the determination of the residues of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chinese herbal medicines. METHODS: Using isotope as internal standard, the sample was extracted by ethyl acetate and purified by solid phase extraction on C18 cartridges. GC-MS/MS method was used for the assay, with analyte protectants added to counteract the matrix effect. The chromatographic column was DB-5ms(0.25 mm × 30 m, 0.25 μm) with temperature programming and MRM detection. RESULTS: The calibration curves for the 16 kinds of typical PAHs were linear in the range of 1 - 100 ng · mL-1. The average recovery rate was 88.53% - 119.03% in the range of 1 -25 μg · kg-1 with RSDs of 1.25% - 14.70% (n = 3). The LOQs were 0.2 - 1 μg · kg-1. CONCLUSION: This method is specific, sensitive, accurate and can be used for residue detection of 16 typical kinds of PAHs in Chinese herbal medicines.
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A novel method for the simultaneous quantification of seven metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in human urine was developed using online solid phase extraction-HPLC with double ternary liquid chromatography system combined with fluorescence detector. The target compounds were online concentrated on the Turboflow Cyclone solid phase extraction column at first, then transferred by the six-way valve to the Hypersil Green PAH column for separation with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1. 0 mL/min and at 35 ℃. A single sample analysis cycle took only 20 min. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the method showed good linear relationship ( r≥0. 999 ) in the range of 5-2000 ng/L or 50-20000 ng/L. The LODs were 0. 5-15 ng/L, and the recoveries were 80. 7%-110. 7%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from several smokers and non-smokers. The concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 6-hydroxychrysene in the smokers urine were much higher than that in non-smokers.
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BACKGROUND: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was selected as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to explore the accumulation level in the bodies of workers at rubber smoke sheet factories in southern Thailand. METHODS: Spot urine samples were taken from four groups of workers from June 2006 to November 2007. The nonexposure or control groups included habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. The other two groups were workers exposed to particle-bound PAHs from rubber wood smoke and they were nonsmokers. All spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-OHP and creatinine levels. RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation urinary 1-OHP in the control group of habitual smokers and the nonsmokers was 0.24 +/- 0.16 mumol/mol creatinine and not-detected to 0.14 mumol/mol creatinine, respectively. In the workers, the 1-OHP levels on workdays had no significant difference from the 1-OHP levels on the days off. The yearly average 1-OHP level was 0.76 +/- 0.41 mumol/mol creatinine whereas the average 1-OHP level during 10 consecutive workdays was 1.06 +/- 0.29 mumol/mol creatinine (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The urinary 1-OHP levels of workers exposed to PAHs were high. The accumulation of 1-OHP in the body was not clear although the workers had long working hours with few days off during their working experience. Therefore, a regular day off schedule and rotation shift work during high productive RSS should be set for RSS workers.
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Appointments and Schedules , Burns , Creatinine , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Rubber , Smoke , Thailand , Tobacco Products , WoodABSTRACT
O antraceno e os demais hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) podem ser removidos do solo pela biorremediação, cuja eficiência é limitada se as condições físicas e químicas não forem favoráveis à sobrevivência e à atividade dos microrganismos degradadores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência do pH, da umidade e da disponibilidade de nitrogênio, de fósforo, de ferro e de enxofre na biorremediação de um solo contaminado com antraceno. Para tanto, amostras de um solo arenoso foram contaminadas em laboratório com 500mg kg-1 de antraceno e a mineralização desse poluente foi quantificada por respirometria. As maiores mineralizações ocorreram nos tratamentos com as maiores umidades e os pH avaliados. A adição de 100kg ha-1 ou mais de nitrogênio no solo e a redução da relação C HAP-N para valores inferiores a 120:17 diminuíram a mineralização do antraceno. O aumento da disponibilidade do fósforo, do ferro e do enxofre e a presença de amplas relações C HAP:P no solo não influenciaram a mineralização do antraceno. A correção do pH e o adequado fornecimento de água possibilitaram a biorremediação desse solo em curto período de tempo.
The anthracene, as well as the others polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), can be removed from the soil by bioremediation, whose efficiency is limited under unfavorable physical and chemical conditions to the survival and activity of the microbial degraders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pH, water content, and nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulfur concentrations in the bioremediation of a soil contaminated with anthracene. Samples of a sandy soil were contaminated in laboratory with anthracene (500mg kg-1) and the mineralization was evaluated by respirometry. The highest anthracene mineralization was verified in the soil with the highest water content and pH value studied. The addition of 100kg ha-1 nitrogen in the soil and the consequent reduction of CPAH-N ratio to values lesser than 120:17 reduced anthracene mineralization. The increase of phosphorus iron and sulfur availability and wide CPAH-P (120:1 to 120:22) ratios in the soil did not influence anthracene mineralization. The pH correction and appropriate water supply made possible the bioremediation of the soil polluted with anthracene in a short period of time.
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OBJECTIVE: The objetive of this study is to assess the level of oxidative stress by the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in volunteers who cleaned up the crude oil spilled from the Hebei Spirit on the Coast of Taean County, Korea. METHODS: The study subjects were 46 volunteers and 37 controls from the National Institute of Environmental Research. A self-administered questionnaire was used for volunteers to examine their working environment and health effects. Urinary concentrations of hippuric acid, 1-hydroxypyrene, and 2-naphthol were measured as exposure markers for VOCs and PAHs, and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured as oxidative stress markers. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of the respondents presented a variety of symptoms, including sore eyes and throat, nausea, dizziness, headache, low back pain, and leg pain after participating in the cleanup operation. Urinary 2-naphthol and TBARS concentrations appeared higher in the volunteers. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that urinary TBARS and 8-OHdG levels were positively correlated with urinary 2-naphthol and 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations respectively, especially among the volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: The result implies that participating in cleanup work of oil spills may have a possibility to induce oxidative damage by exposure to PAHs in crude oil.
Subject(s)
Data Collection , Deoxyguanosine , Dizziness , Eye , Headache , Hippurates , Korea , Leg , Low Back Pain , Multivariate Analysis , Naphthols , Nausea , Oxidative Stress , Petroleum , Petroleum Pollution , Pharynx , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Pyrenes , Surveys and Questionnaires , Thiobarbiturates , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances , Volatile Organic CompoundsABSTRACT
Benzo [a] Pyrene (BaP) is a highly recalcitrant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with high genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. It is formed and released into the environment due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and various anthropogenic activities including cigarette smoke and automobile exhausts. The aim of present study is to isolate bacteria which can degrade BaP as a sole source of carbon and energy. We have isolated a novel strain BMT4i (MTCC 9447) of Bacillus subtilis from automobile contaminated soil using BaP (50 ìg /ml) as the sole source of carbon and energy in basal salt mineral (BSM) medium. The growth kinetics of BMT4i was studied using CFU method which revealed that BMT4i is able to survive in BaP-BSM medium up to 40 days attaining its peak growth (10(29) fold increase in cell number) on 7 days of incubation. The BaP degradation kinetics of BMT4i was studied using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of BaP biodegradation products. BMT4i started degrading BaP after 24 hours and continued up to 28 days achieving maximum degradation of approximately 84.66 percent. The above findings inferred that BMT4i is a very efficient degrader of BaP. To our best of knowledge, this is the first report showing utilization of BaP as a sole source of carbon and energy by bacteria. In addition, BMT4i can degrade a wide range of PAHs including naphthalene, anthracene, and dibenzothiophene therefore, it could serve as a better candidate for bioremediation of PAHs contaminated sites.
Subject(s)
Bacillus subtilis/isolation & purification , Genotoxicity , Pyrenes/analysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and toluene have been reported to induce reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. This study was performed to investigate the effects of low level exposure to PAHs or toluene on the lipid peroxidation level in elementary school children and the elderly in a rural area. METHODS: Forty seven elementary school children and 40 elderly people who were living in a rural area and not occupationally exposed to PAH or toluene were the subjects of this study. Information about active or passive smoking and diet was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. The urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 2-naphthol, hippuric acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations were measured, and these values were corrected with the urinary creatinine concentration. RESULTS: In school children, the geometric means of the urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol, hippuric acid and TBARS levels were 0.02 ymol/mol creatinine, 0.47 micron mol/mol creatinine, 0.14 g/g creatinine and 0.95 micron mol/g creatinine, respectively. Those values for the elderly were 0.07 micron mol/mol creatinine, 1.87 micron mol/mol creatinine, 0.11 g/g creatinine and 1.18 micron mol/g creatinine, respectively. The mean levels of urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol and TBARS were significantly higher in the elderly subjects than in the children. The urinary TBARS level was not correlated with the urinary 1-OHP, 2-naphthol and hippuric acid, but they were correlated with the age of the subjects. CONCLSIONS: These results suggest that low level inhalation exposure to PAH or toluene does not markedly increase lipid peroxidation, and age is a significant determinant of lipid peroxidation.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/toxicity , Rural Population , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/analysis , Toluene/toxicity , UrinalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: In this study, the exposure levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP) were surveyed among the workers using coal tar paint. METHOD: The study subjects for the exposed group were 107 male coal tar workers in 10 factories, and for the comparison group were 201 male clerk workers who had never been exposed to coal tar paint. Ambient PAHs, and pre-shift and end-shift urinary 1-OHP were sample and 16 PAHs were analysed. Smoking history was recorded during the survey day. RESULTS: The geometric mean of ambient concentration of total PAHs was 120.17 microgram/m3. Naphthalene had the highest level among the 16 PAHs. The pre-shift 1-OHP in the exposed group (8.89 micro mol/mol creatinine) was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.29 micro mol/mol creatinine). The end-shift 1-OHP in the exposed group (19.02 micro mol/mol creatinine) was significantly higher than that in the pre-shift (8.89 micro mol/mol creatinine) (Ed- confirm). 1-OHP of smokers was significantly higher than that of non-smokers in both groups. The difference between pre-shift and end-shift 1-OHP in smokers (12.40 micro mol/mol creatinine) was twice as high as that in non-smokers (6.06 micro mol/mol creatinine). The difference of 1-OHP between smokers and nonsmokers was 7.59 micro mol/mol creatinine in pre-shift and 13.96 micro mol/mol creatinine in end-shift. Thus, the effect of smoking and exposure to PAHs on 1-OHP may not be additive. In regression analysis for 1-OHP, the significant independent variables were pre-shift 1-OHP and PAHs. The direction of these variables was positive. When the analysis was performed in workers exposed to higher PAHs, smoking was significant independent variable. CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that not only ambient PAHs but also smoking, one of the most important non-occupational PAHs source, influenced the level of 1-OHP. Moreover, the effect of smoking to 1-OHP changed according to the exposure level of PAHs.